Check out how various exercises support muscle building and fat loss. Learn the benefits of combining cardio and strength training!
Metabolism comprises various processes that all living organisms utilize to sustain bodily functions. Included within these processes are anabolism and catabolism, two complementary phases that manage molecules by releasing and capturing energy to support the body’s resilience and vitality. These metabolic phases occur concurrently.
- Anabolism
It focuses on growth and construction — specifically, the organization and assembly of molecules. Within this process, small, simple molecules are combined to form larger, more complex ones. An example of anabolism is gluconeogenesis, during which the liver and kidneys produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. - Catabolism
It’s the process by which food is digested, breaking down molecules within the body to supply energy. During catabolism, large, complex molecules are reduced to smaller, simpler forms. Glycolysis, a process nearly the reverse of gluconeogenesis, exemplifies catabolism.
Gaining insight into anabolism and catabolism can enhance training effectiveness, potentially supporting both fat loss and muscle growth. Rest also plays a key role, as metabolism remains active even during sleep.
Hormones Involved in Catabolism and Anabolism
Hormones play a crucial role in regulating both anabolic and catabolic processes. Different hormones are associated with each phase, influencing metabolism and energy use.
Anabolism hormones
- estrogen
- insulin
- growth hormone
- testosterone
Catabolism hormones
- adrenaline
- cortisol
- cytokines
- glucagon
Hormonal disruptions, including those caused by thyroid conditions, may impact these metabolic processes and overall metabolic health. For instance, a study examining the anabolic-catabolic hormone balance in bodybuilders preparing for competition highlighted these effects. In this study, one group maintained regular training and nutrition, while another group restricted energy intake to lower body fat.
Significant reductions in body fat and muscle mass were observed in the energy-restricted group compared to the control group. Throughout the study, insulin and growth hormone levels declined, and testosterone levels also dropped significantly between 11 and 5 weeks before competition. This suggested that the “anabolic pathways” had been compromised, even among those with high protein intake.
Researchers concluded that bodybuilders might benefit from additional nutritional strategies to prevent catabolic breakdown before competition.
How Catabolism and Anabolism Impact Body Weight
As key components of metabolism, both anabolism and catabolism directly influence body weight. In an anabolic state, muscle mass is built and maintained, while in a catabolic state, overall mass—both fat and muscle—is broken down.
By understanding these processes within metabolism, body weight can potentially be managed more effectively. Over time, both anabolic and catabolic activities contribute to fat loss. However, when body weight, as seen on a bathroom scale, is used as a benchmark, interpreting changes can become complex.
- Anabolic workouts
generally lead to fat loss while preserving or even increasing muscle mass. Since muscle is denser than fat, body weight and body mass index (BMI) may remain elevated, even as a leaner physique develops. - Catabolic workouts
by contrast, may facilitate weight loss by reducing both fat and muscle mass. This results in lower body weight, though often with significantly reduced muscle mass.
This relationship between catabolism and anabolism can be visualized as an energy equation. Catabolism represents energy production, while anabolism represents energy expenditure. When production exceeds expenditure, weight may increase as surplus energy is stored as fat. When energy expenditure surpasses production, weight may decrease.
Exceptions exist, especially in cases of medical conditions that influence hormonal balance and impact these metabolic processes.
Catabolic and Anabolic Exercises
Different exercise types engage the body in unique ways, stimulating various metabolic processes and aligning with different fitness goals.
Catabolic Exercises
Catabolic exercises are aerobic, or cardio-based, focusing on sustained activity over a longer duration. These might include activities like running, swimming, or cycling. According to the American College of Sports Medicine, the following weekly goals for aerobic exercise are recommended:
- 150 minutes of moderate intensity, or
- 75 minutes of vigorous intensity
Typically, this is divided into three to five training days per week. For those with a history of health concerns, consulting a physician before beginning is advised.
During catabolic exercises, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase as the body metabolizes glycogen for energy. Once carbohydrate stores are depleted, cortisol aids in using amino acids to generate energy.
These exercises can support cardiovascular and respiratory health while gradually reducing body mass—both muscle and fat. Muscle broken down during catabolic activities may rebuild naturally during extended rest periods, typically eight hours or more, through spontaneous anabolic processes.
Anabolic Exercises
For those aiming to build or maintain muscle, minimizing prolonged catabolic states can be essential, as excessive muscle breakdown may hinder both muscle growth and overall wellness. Maintaining an anabolic state involves balancing nutrition, training, and recovery.
Muscle Group Example Exercises
| Chest, Abdominals- Incline barbell bench press | Flat dumbbell bench press Cable crossovers Crunches (3 sets of 25 reps) |
| Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Calves- Leg extensions | Barbell squats Incline leg presses Dumbbell lunges Standing leg curls Lying leg curls Standing machine calf raises |
| Back, Biceps, Abdominals- Wide-grip pullup (3 sets of 10 reps) | Close-grip lat pulldown Bent-over barbell row Barbell deadlift Hanging leg raise (3 sets of 25 reps) |
| Shoulders, Triceps- Seated dumbbell shoulder press | Standing dumbbell lateral raise Reverse fly Dumbbell shrug Triceps pushdown Lying triceps extension |
Muscle maintenance may be achieved with strength-focused training three to four days per week. An example workout plan for staying in an anabolic state involves targeting specific muscle groups each session, allowing for rest between workouts.
Each exercise (unless noted otherwise) is performed in 3 sets, starting at 15 repetitions and reducing to 12, then 8 reps. To maintain an anabolic state and support muscle mass, regular training with this approach is key.
Home exercises
Working Together
Exercises that blend anabolic and catabolic processes can be highly effective. A balanced exercise program benefits from incorporating both aerobic and strength training activities. Sprinting and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are excellent examples, as they engage both cardiovascular endurance and strength. This approach supports both muscle building and fat loss.
Research supports this approach, as demonstrated by a study in which participants completed four 250-meter sprints on a treadmill at 80 percent of their maximum speed, resting three minutes between sprints. Results showed shifts in the anabolic-catabolic hormone balance, with significant increases in testosterone, indicating strong engagement of anabolic processes.
Summary
- Anabolism relies on energy to build and grow.
- Catabolism uses energy to break down.
- Together, these processes provide energy production and cellular repair.